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Trigonometry was further advanced in India, and the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there. Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number, negative numbers, arithmetic, and algebra. The decimal number system in use today was first recorded in Indian mathematics. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara II, Varāhamihira, and Madhava. As a market developed among European residents, it was supplied by Company painting by Indian artists with considerable Western influence.

• The Indus valley people practiced agriculture, domesticated animals, made tools and weapons from copper, bronze and tin and even traded with some Middle East countries.
• The island country of Sri Lanka is situated some 40 miles (65 km) off the southeast coast of India.
• The twin hills of Khandagiri and Udaigiri are famous for their rock-cut caves, constructed by Jain monks during the 1st and 2nd century BC.
• Three other Indian cities—Bengaluru (Bangalore), Chennai (Madras), and Hyderabad—are among the world’s fastest-growing high-technology centers, and most of the world’s major information technology and software companies now have offices in India.
• Similarly, the Republic of India does not recognise the Pakistani and Chinese parts of Kashmir.

In 2008, India’s share of world trade was 1.7%; in 2021, India was the world’s ninth-largest importer and the sixteenth-largest exporter. Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. According to the International Monetary Fund, the Indian economy in 2024 was nominally worth $3.94 trillion; it is the fifth-largest economy by market exchange rates and, at around $15.0 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). There are six recognised national parties in the country, including the Indian National Congress (generally, «the Congress») and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP); there and over 50 regional parties. It predominates in the temperate coniferous forest of the Himalayas, the moist deciduous sal forest of eastern India, and the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India.

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The diversity of Indian food served worldwide has been partially concealed by the dominance of Punjabi cuisine. Rice was partially cooked and layered alternately with sauteed meat, the pot sealed tightly, and slow cooked according to another Persian cooking technique, to produce biryani, a feature of festive dining in many parts of India. India has distinctive vegetarian cuisines, each a feature of the geographical and cultural histories of its adherents. The foundation of a typical Indian meal is a cereal cooked plainly and complemented with savoury dishes. It is also commonly worn with an Indian blouse, or choli, which serves as the primary upper-body garment, the sari’s end—passing over the shoulder—covering the midriff and obscuring the upper body’s contours.

India Portal is developed under the Digital India Programme to provide citizens with open and easy access to information. By the last quarter of the 18th Century the English had outdone all others and established themselves as the dominant power in India. During the late 16th and the 17th Centuries, the European trading companies in India competed with each other ferociously. The earliest literary source that sheds light on India’s past is the Rig Veda. The History of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans.

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One of the oldest languages in the world, Tamil, developed in South India more than 3000 years ago. It is used in different Indian languages in different forms. It was originally used for the Indian subcontinent and the areas to its east. By 1200 BCE, Sanskrit, an Indo-European language, spread to India from the northwest. The British administered India for a period of about two centuries and brought about revolutionary changes in the social, political and the economic life of the country.

As a result of the Indian Independence Movement, British rule came to an end on August 14-15, 1947, celebrated annually as Independence Day. The major secular holidays in India are Independence Day (August 15), Republic Day (January 26), and Gandhi Jayanti (October 2, Mahatma Gandhi’s birth anniversary). India has won a record eight field hockey gold medals in the summer Olympics. India is one of the more successful cricket teams, having won two Cricket World Cups, two T20 World Cups, and three Champions Trophies. Parcheesi is derived from Pachisi another traditional Indian pastime, which in early modern times was played on a giant marble court by Mughal emperor Akbar. Chess is commonly held to have originated in India as chaturaṅga; There has been a rise in the number of Indian grandmasters.

The fifth century saw the unification of India under Ashoka, who had converted to Buddhism, and it is in his reign that Buddhism spread in many parts of Asia. India’s social, economic, and cultural configurations are the products of a long process of regional expansion. Kochi Biennale is India’s largest contemporary art exhibition, held every two years in the city.

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The Cochin International Airport is the first in the world to operate solely on solar energy. Hampi Bazar was a street market that served as a ‘mall’ for the Vijayanagar empire. Ramoji Film City is the largest film studio in the world. Indore has held the title of India’s cleanest city for six consecutive years, from 2017 to 2022. St. Thomas Church served as a prison for Indian freedom fighters while Britain was in power.

India is the seventh biggest country in the world by land. In the 16th century India came under Mughal rule. Bet365 India The Vijayanagara empire was another significant Indian empire.

Painted manuscripts of religious texts survive from Eastern India from 10th century onwards, most of the earliest being Buddhist and later Jain. During this period Buddhist art spread with Indian religions to Central, East and Southeast Asia, the last also greatly influenced by Hindu art. India has a very ancient tradition of art, which has exchanged many influences with the rest of Eurasia, especially in the first millennium. Outside the caste system, and therefore of traditional Hinduism, lie people formerly called «outcastes» or «untouchables,» and now scheduled caste (a term used in India’s constitution) or Dalit, a later self-description of pride, meaning «broken» or «downtrodden». The 10 most polluted cities in the world are all in India with more than 140 million people breathing air 10 times or more over the WHO safe limit.

A final report could adopt a more cautious version to avoid strong national controversies, the outlet reported. There was already pressure on India from western countries in particular that, if the probe was not carried out with full facts, the security level of all Indian airlines could be re-evaluated, the news report noted. The Italian newspaper said a conclusion pointing to the flight captain is a «desired turning point» for US experts who’ve been confronting their Indian counterparts with evidence, as the Indian team refused to recognise a human role in the tragedy. India’s probe agency Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) and the civil aviation ministry did not respond to HT’s requests for comment on the report. Indian pilots associations and Sabharwal’s family have criticised what they see as an attempt to pin the blame; and have called for more scrutiny on the aircraft maker, the airline and other factors too.

It is made up of 28 states and eight union territories, and its national capital is New Delhi, built in the 20th century just south of the historic hub of Old Delhi to serve as India’s administrative center. The constitution also recognises 21 other languages – either because many people speak them, or because they are very important for Indian culture. The Indo-Aryan languages replaced the Dravidian languages in the northern and western regions of India. It has the Indian Ocean to the west, the Arabian Sea in the southwest, the Bay of Bengal in the southeast, and the Himalayas up north.

During the 1930s, the British enacted slow legislative reform; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections. It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-co-operation led by Mahatma Gandhi. After World War I, in which approximately one million Indians served, a new period began.

In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988. In response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was expanded substantially. The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife.

After the 1965 war, India began to pursue close military and economic ties with the Soviet Union. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the central government through appointed administrators. All states, as well as the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments following the Westminster system. It has the power to both strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution and invalidate any government action it deems unconstitutional.